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This surface hardening effect can be attributed to microstructural refinement following electron beam surface remelting.
The improvement of mechanical properties was attributed to microstructural refinement, particularly the modification of eutectic Si and precipitation of secondary nano-scale Al3(Sc1 − xZrx) dispersoids.
In this literature review, the effect of rare earth in reducing dilution and cracks susceptibility of laser claddings in addition to microstructural refinement attained was examined.
Accelerated biomineralisation of the surface via enhancements in the surface energy due to microstructural refinement as well as microstructural homogeneity and Zn enrichment in α-Mg, favoured improvement of the overall corrosion performance of LSM-treated alloy.
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The reduction in irrecoverable strain levels was attributed to the increase in critical stress for dislocation slip due to the microstructural refinement during the ECAE process.
However, cavitation erosion considerably impairs the in-service performance of ultrasonic sonotrodes, leading to marginal microstructural refinement.
These findings are attributed to a microstructural refinement, grain size reduction and an induction of compressive stress that was relaxing the top/near surface layer (post LSP) from the pre-existing tensile stresses.
Trace addition of B to Ti and its alloys leads to a marked microstructural refinement, which in turn enhances the tensile and fatigue properties of the as-cast alloys.
In order to elucidate the microstructural refinement mechanism and the effect of secondary phase on the microstructural evolution of β-type titanium alloy, severe plastic deformation was conducted on samples of a precipitation-hardened Ti 29Nb 13Ta 4.6Zr (TNTZ).
Additionally, the initial deformable precipitations play a positive role in microstructural refinement and the refined structure shows significant cluster strengthening, ~20% relative contribution to total strength.
Several effects are observed in the composites such as microstructural refinement, leading to improved hardness, coefficient of friction and wear resistance.
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