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To achieve optimality for a particular study, therefore, practical measures such as cost-effectiveness must be used to strike a balance between power and resolution.
In practice, such an estimator design is either assumed to be almost optimal for window- and stability-time errors or a cumbersome simulation-based optimization is conducted to achieve optimality in this respect.
The nature of information (or knowledge) as an economic good has been elaborated upon by Arrow (1962) as limited by the three classical reasons for the failure of perfect competition to achieve optimality in resource allocation: indivisibilities, non-appropriability and uncertainty.
By virtue of the systematic design, various linear control techniques, such as linear quadratic regulator (LQR) or linear matrix inequality (LMI), can be incorporated in the switching surface design to achieve optimality or robustness for the sliding manifold.
For a network consisting only of ordinary, merge, and diverge junctions, where the cells have linear demand functions and affine supply functions with identical slopes, and the cost is the total traffic volume, we show, using the Pontryagin maximum principle, that variable speed limits are not needed in order to achieve optimality in the FNC problem, and ramp metering is sufficient.
and (ii) is a joint measurement, performed over the signal together with the auxiliary modes, necessary to achieve optimality?
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However, these results leave open questions about whether or to what extent observers can achieve optimality when the time available for stimulus processing varies, so that on different trials participants must respond based on different amounts of accumulated information.
Do decision makers achieve optimality when forced to respond at different times after stimulus onset?
Through the use of the swarm algorithm it is possible to search for solutions in a large feature space and achieve optimality in terms of energy, economy and pollutant emission simultaneously.
To this effect, the mathematical model of the canal system reported here demonstrates how one can achieve optimality of flow rate in the re-opened canal by a simulation approach of scenario-driven options, these including the number, location and operating rules of the locks needed to control water levels and transportation fluxes.
It is also demonstrated that the proposed robust controller can achieve optimality with a new defined performance index function when there is no control perturbation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com