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In philosophy, dualism is often identified with the doctrine of transcendence that there is a separate realm or being above and beyond the world as opposed to monism, which holds that the ultimate principle is inside the world (immanent).
In his best-known work, Traité des vérités premières et de la source de nos jugements (1724; "Treatise on First Truths and on the Source of Our Judgments"), Buffier sought to discover the ultimate principle of human knowledge.
At the very core of this dynamic edifice stands nature, the "dark cloud" (ʿamāʾ) or "mist" (bukhār), as the ultimate principle of things and forms: intelligence, heavenly bodies, and elements and their mixtures that culminate in the "perfect man".
His Of the Nature of Virtue, appended to the Analogy, presented a refutation of hedonism and of the notion that self-interest is the ultimate principle of good conduct; for this work Butler has been considered by some critics to be one of the foremost British moral philosophers.
The highest level of being, and through it all of what in any sense exists, derives from the ultimate principle, which is absolutely free from determinations and limitations and utterly transcends any conceivable reality, so that it may be said to be "beyond being".
Frequently, Plotinus asserts that the ultimate principle, The One, is itself of such absolute unity and transcendence that, strictly speaking, it defies all predication and is itself beyond Being and Goodness [see, for example, Plotinus, Enneads, VI.9.3].
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In terms of morals and ethics, it tends to stress the external observance of laws and precepts, with lesser concern for the ultimate principles underlying moral conduct.
In Fr. 6 Philolaus argues that we cannot say anything more definite about the ultimate principles of reality ("nature in itself" and "the being of things").
In this sense, fragmentary as it may be, Cardano's De natura is an attempt to outline the ultimate principles of reality (on the relationship between natural and supernatural phenomena in Cardano, see Siraisi 1997, 149 173).
Still, despite this emphasis on the reasoning process between principles and practical conclusions another reflection of his struggles with subscription Sidgwick does have quite a bit to say in the Methods about the defense of the ultimate principles of practical reason.
But Hume argues that in attempting to go beyond anything we can possibly experience, these metaphysical theories try to "penetrate into subjects utterly inaccessible to the understanding" (EHU 1.11/11), which makes their claims to have found the "ultimate principles" of human nature not just false, but unintelligible.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com