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Peter Bishop, chair of the graduate program in future studies at the University of Houston, guesses that APF members account for only around a quarter of all futurists.
However, an intriguing recent report indicated that APF induces phosphorylation of CKAP4/p63 ser3, 17, and 19, resulting in nuclear translocation and DNA binding of the APF receptor [ 59].
Therefore, it is possible that many of the bladder urothelial abnormalities identified in BPS/IC patients result from the production of this toxic factor (APF), and it is also possible that APF antagonists may be helpful for normalizing bladder urothelial gene expression in BPS/IC.
To verify that APF were comprised of tau protein, JNPL3 brain sections were double labeled with Tau-5 and αAPF.
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The HPLC analysis of tau APF prepared in vitro showed a peak over 670 KDa, suggesting that APFs range from decamers to dodecamers of tau monomers.
In the second paragraph of the Discussion section, after summarizing the evidence that leads the authors to propose the conjugation of APF-1 (=ubiquitin) to proteins as a way of marking them for degradation, the authors write: "Evidence that APF-1-proteins are intermediates in the breakdown of denatured protein as proposed in Figure 6 is indirect and inconclusive at this time".
In the second paragraph of the Discussion section, after summarizing the evidence that leads the authors to propose the conjugation of APF-1 (=ubiquitin) to proteins as a way of marking them for degradation, the authors write : "Evidence that APF-1-proteins are intermediates in the breakdown of denatured protein as proposed in Fig. 6 is indirect and inconclusive at this time".
The results revealed that APFs colocalized with Tau-5.
We compared the toxicity of tau APFs and oligomers and found that APFs are significantly less toxic (Additional file 1: Figure S1e).
Furthermore, we found that APFs are preceded by tau oligomers and do not go on to form NFTs, evading fibrillar fate.
Using the well-characterized conformational antibody αAPF, which specifically detects APFs independently of amino acid sequence [ 28, 29, 31, 35], we found that APFs are preceded by tau oligomers, are on a distinct pathway from NFT formation, and that these pore-like structures are present in human and P301L Tg mouse brain tissue.
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