The inclusion criteria were geriatric patients aged 60 and above, newly admitted to medical and surgical wards with no critical illnesses, not nil by mouth, not on ventilator, not on test diets such as Vannillyl Mandelic Acid Test Diet, not on parenteral or enteral feeding and not fasting for operation or examination procedure.
Prior to the dietary intervention, all animals were fed pelleted rodent food (Test Diet 5015, Lab Diet Inc., Richmond, IN).
Japanese macaques matched for age (5 7 years at start) and weight (7 9 Kg) were randomly assigned to two dietary groups in the fall of 2002: 1: Control diet (CTR; 13% of calories from fat; Monkey Diet no. 5052, Lab Diet, Richmond, IN, USA) or 2: High-fat diet (HFD; 35.2% of calories from fat; Custom Diet 5A1F, Test Diet, Richmond, IN, USA).
The cued and novel food consisted of chocolate (Test Diet, 5TUL-1811223, 20 mg) or banana-flavored pellets (Test Diet, 5TUL-1813985, 20 mg) that were counterbalanced between animals and condition of the task.
[ 3] Trans-fat diet of 20% (w/w) Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Shortening (Test Diet #5C4M containing 8.68% w/w Trans fatty acids; Test Diet Purina, USA), with ad lib drinking water (TFA diet).
The pellets (25 mg, Test Diet TUM, Richmond, IN, USA) were scattered over the arms and were continuously supplied by the experimenter.
Both Capto and RBX were administered as an admixture in the diet used for the controls (Test Diet 0009386) for 2 weeks.
At age of 9 weeks, all instrumented rats were placed on a high salt (6%) diet (Test Diet 0009386) and became diabetic hypertensive (DH).
Because standard lab chows are soy-based and thus contain significant amounts of phytoestrogens [ 37- 39], all of the animals were fed a phytoestrogen-free diet ad libitum for the duration of the experiment (Test Diet 5K96, Purina).
Animals were fed either standard chow or a chow supplemented with the antioxidants, vitamin E (α-tocopherol succinate) (800IU), selenium (seleno-DL methionine) (200 μg) and lycopene (50 mg) (Purina Mills Test Diet, Richmond, Indiana).
Each chamber had a metal grid floor, two retractable levers with white light bulbs above them and a food pellet dispenser that can deliver 45 mg sucrose pellets (GlaxoSmithKline, Test Diet, Richmond, IN, USA) to the food tray.
