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Following harmonisation (ISPOR stage 6) of all target language translations on the basis of back translations, the source and all four target language versions of CDIS were piloted using cognitive debriefing (ISPOR stage 7) in each country.
The resulting translation is the target language version #2 which will be reviewed by a clinician and tested with subjects (interviews).
This process of discussion and review is known as "reconciling" and the resulting third translation is referred to as the target language version #1.
Back translation methodology was followed with three independent translators, along with a test of the target language version with monolingual subjects [ 32].
All revisions made to both forward and backward translations during the reconciliation process were carefully documented in a table showing the source language, target language version, comments and revisions made.
There is consensus in the literature that the main elements in the procedure should include: (I) forward translation into the target language; (II) back-translation into the source language by native speakers; (III) consensus meetings of people involved; and (IV) testing of the translation to the target language.
Both produced independent translation from the target language (first version of CRQ-SAS) to the source language.
Click one of those, and you'll see more synonyms still, both in the original and the target language.But translation doesn't begin and end with Google.
Three out of this same sample of 19 linguists attributed translation difficulties to the fact that the target language has no direct translation for bother.
If the writer is not confident in the target language, the "help" from machine translation holds little value.
Editors review one more time to make certain that the copy is appropriate for the intended audience and that it reads as a text written originally in the target language and not as a translation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com