Therefore, if any nodes modify the transmitted data during transmissions, the receiver detects the unmatched HMAC instantly and recognizes the tampered data.
If a dishonest cloud server tampers with any data item in the database, the misbehavior will be detected with an overwhelming probability (once the tampered data item is queried).
Kobe has also begun an investigation into Kobelco Research Institute, which tests products for the company, and found 70 cases of tampered data on materials used in optical disks and liquid crystal displays.
(a) Original "Biltmore Estate" image of size 2 256 × 256 pixels, (b) tamper data and their locations, (c) proposed watermark and tampered data-PSNR = 38.30 dB, (d) Zhang-Wang watermark and tampered data-PSNR = 37.97, (e) tampered pixels detected by AgTDM, and (f) tampered pixels detected by ZW approach.
Then we used StirMark and did different attacks to the watermarked images including Blurring, Sharpening, Scaling, adding Gaussian noise, Tampering, data block removal and Cropping.
It concluded, based on forensic analysis of the material, that Dr. Imanishi-Kari had tampered with data she had submitted to the committee as part of her defense.
(a) Original "UNCG" image of size 256 × 256 pixels, (b) tamper data and their locations, (c) proposed watermark and tampered data PSNR = 37.74 dB, (d) Zhang-Wang watermark and tampered data PSNR = 37.87, (e) tampered pixels detected by AgTDM, and (f) tampered pixels detected by ZW approach.
Figure 3(b) shows the tamper data and locations, and this tamper data alter 4211 pixels with (where is the ratio between the number of tampered blocks and the total number of blocks [7]).
Malicious actors may compromise cloud systems and cloud applications in order to gain access to private data as well as remove or tamper the data, so to undermine the trust of users toward the data.
Through the use of Blockchain technology, this data can be easily tracked to the original transaction which again reduces space for duplication or tampering of data.
HTTPS improves privacy because it encrypts the data exchanged between the website and a user's browser, guarding against eavesdropping and other efforts to tamper with data.
