In addition to providing funding, MMV also provides substantial know how, technical and supervisory inputs by its staff and through an Expert Advisory Committee and also seeks in-kind contributions in the form of staff, laboratory space, equipment and operates with a zero overhead policy.
Unless Israel was prepared to target the programme's technical leadership in civilian research centres and universities the substantial nuclear know-how that Iran has gained over the past decades would remain largely intact.
The practice has certainly increased in recent years, Christian said, but it's probably limited to large companies such as Microsoft — which have substantial legal resources, cybersecurity know-how and a deep financial investment in making the Internet a safer place.
This is partially due to the fact that boarding design and planning requires trades' know-how and substantial manual effort in developing the building information models.
Knowing how substantial might help explain why the banks have spent so much time and money fighting the Volcker rule.
Another possibility is that people "might well anticipate substantial change, yet not know how they would change, and thus, just predict the status quo," says Shane Frederick, who studies decision-making at Yale University.
Richard Rankin: Most people do not know how substantial renewable energy is or that, in a global context, renewable energy is competitive with and can replace conventional energy entirely.
If partners were included it might improve the cost-effectiveness, but we have no good measure of the effect on partners to know how substantial the impact on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio might be.
A substantial portion - no one knows how much - of this is black money on which taxes haven't been paid.
What's extra challenging about listening is we're not taught how to listen in any substantial manner in most schools: we don't know how to deeply listen because we never learned.
