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In Davies' study, certainty of abuse was shown to be strongly correlated with the decision to take action to prevent abuse [ 20].
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We study certainty-equivalence design of observer-based controllers, and present a new stability condition that exploits state-dependent convergence properties of observers.
Table 1 Requirements for the conclusions of early benefit assessment in Germany Requirement Conclusion Number of studies Certainty of results Effect Proof ≥ 2 Mostly high In the same direction Indication ≥ 2 Mostly moderate In the same direction 1 High Statistically significant Hint ≥ 2 Mostly low In the same direction 1 Moderate Statistically significant.
After the 1st year of the study, physicians' certainty of their patients' risk factor status increased.
In our study, a certainty of abuse score for each trial was recorded for each of the 33 experts for each of the scenarios.
The comparative efficacy of 50 mg vildagliptin and 25 mg sitagliptin cannot be determined from this study with certainty as it was not powered to assess relatively small differences in efficacy.
We assessed risk of bias of individual studies and certainty in evidence assessment by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.
This experiment differed from previous studies about certainty in several aspects.
First, it studied objective certainty independent of accuracy, whereas the literature is centered on confidence (subjective certainty) and accuracy.
Another strength of this study was the certainty of the diagnosis of menstrual migraine, because headache diaries were checked before treatment was started.
The histopathological study provides a certainty in the focal degeneration of cerebral cells which is due to the oxygen depletion in the brain cells.
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