Arab and Muslim Americans were subject to substantial stigmatization post-9/11.
Sexual morals have typically had a gender imbalance, leading to a stronger social stigmatization of women.
In contrast, in countries with strong primary care, the stigmatization seems to be reduced mainly due to fact that primary health care services are not linked to a limited spectrum of health conditions and as such they are much more acceptable to, and accessible by, mothers and families [ 41, 57].
He said that in urban centres, such as Vancouver, there has been some progress regarding stigmatization due to strong political leadership.
The reasons for this are debated, but likely include, among others, the strong cultural attachment to having children, stigmatization associated with childlessness, role of children in inheritance, importance of children in agricultural economies, importance of childbearing on the status of women, the role of children as caretakers of the elderly, and high rates of infant mortality.
However, it is not clear why that bias should be correlated with risk perceptions or with fear of stigmatization, both of which show strong differential impact on condom use among men and women.
"It's what we call Romanipen_._ "But where the stigmatization of the Roma is so strong, as in France right now, the Roma begin to divide.
Attributing the causes of infertility to supernatural causes such as evil spirits and God's retribution, and seeking help from faith and traditional healers may be a projection of the social stigmatization for infertile women and the strong desire for motherhood.
In the realm of high level sport, the fear of stigmatization for psychological problems could be especially strong; elite athletes work extremely hard to excel, and might therefore be particularly unwilling to disclose anything that could reveal emotional or mental fragility.
The strong impairments in self-perception and psychological well-being can be consequences of stigmatization and teasing experiences [ 9, 32, 33].
