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Spurious association can also be caused by differences in relatedness between pairs of individuals.
Spurious association due to population stratification in our study is unlikely.
Consumption of rodents was associated with a borderline significant protective effect, which was probably a spurious association.
A spurious association between lead and risk of PD could result if lead is associated with duration of survival with PD.
However, this spurious association exists due to the fact that trained staff (predictor variable X2) is associated to both the response variable Y and clean hospital floors X3.
That could result in a spurious association between sunburns and melanoma.
Control of spurious association and the reliability of the controlled variable.
Meanwhile, adjustment for relevant covariates is often desirable and sometimes necessary to protect against spurious association and to improve power.
Unrelated controls are generally easy to collect, but the resulting analyses are susceptible to spurious association arising from population stratification.
"The same thing causing this obvious spurious association might also be contributing to the lower risk of coronary heart disease," Petitti says today.
It is well known that failure to properly account for population or pedigree structure can lead to spurious association as well as reduced power.
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