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The low end shows that a scenario of strong climate mitigation can radically reduce societal exposure to higher sea levels.
Earth Science-based methods for long term reduction of societal exposure include floodplain reconnection, levee removal, controlled avulsions, and redirecting new housing and other economic development onto lands with less severe flood risk.
The implication of underestimation of the probability of catastrophic events is an important element in any policy discussion aimed at reducing societal exposure to those events; this seems not to have been widely noticed in policy arguments about the impact of precautionary choices and thus public decisions.
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Were they included in the planning process, especially the brainstorming of possible societal exposures?
These are the workplaces in which some of the first societal exposures to engineered nanoparticles are occurring.
Past efforts to assess societal vulnerability to lahar hazards have neglected to provide managers and policymakers with a characterization of population exposure to lahar hazards across multiple scenarios and among multiple jurisdictions.
This model, which is criticised by many authors (e.g. Fischer 2000; Pielke 2004; Donovan & Oppenheimer 2012), starts with the characterisation of hazard, proceeds to the integration of that variable with societal variables of exposure and vulnerability, and culminates in risk management decisions.
9 Underlying socioeconomic parameters and societal influences affect exposure and vulnerability to CVD risk factors.
The population-attributable risk can be used to monetize the societal burden of exposure to chemicals that affect thyroid function.
This study reports on a long-term cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-utility analysis (CUA) of two treatments as viewed from a societal perspective: 1) exposure in vivo treatment (EXP), a recently developed cognitive behavioral treatment for patients with chronic low back pain who have elevated pain-related fear and 2) the more commonly used graded activity (GA) treatment.
The various schools of thought that have elaborated on the concept of vulnerability focus on different conceptual elements of this concept, ranging from the direct outcome of a hazard to the influencing societal conditions, such as exposure, susceptibility, coping capacity, power relations, and social capital (Chambers 1989; Chambers and Conway 1992; Bohle et al. 1994; Wisner et al. 2004).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com