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For example, we changed the response categories for some questions and the stem question for others.
For case-finding, one stem question, two stem questions and the BDI-II all had level 2 evidence.
The stem question for the knowledge scale of warning signs is phrased as; "The following may or may not be warning signs for bowel cancer.
The stem question for the knowledge scale of risk factors is phrased as; "The following may or may not increase the chance of developing bowel cancer.
The interviewer read out a stem question from the interview schedule and then presented a card with 'yes', 'no' or 'maybe' responses.
16 Those answering YES to two or fewer symptom questions and all those answering NO to the initial stem question were classified as controls.
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Response for open-ended questions which involved either "Yes" "or No" response subjected the respondent to further provide the intended correct answer of the stem question if the given response was "Yes".
For screening, two stem questions had level 1b evidence.
The interviews took 45 60 minutes and consisted of the same stem questions used for all participants.
As they are highly acceptable, the stem questions are thus recommended (grade B recommendation).
The false negative rates of most stem questions were found to be low, while those of dysphoria, sleep, and appetite were slightly above 10% in their study.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com