The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008 indicates that Kenya, for example, receives more cash in remittances ($1.3 billion or £748m in 2007) than it does net foreign direct investment (about $50.4m per year) or overseas development aid (roughly $200m a year).
Subsequent research has indicated that social remittances can "scale-up" to affect national changes (Levitt & Lamba-Nieves, 2011, pp. 16 17).
20It may be that the coefficient for female migrants is insignificant because few women in the sample report sending remittances, which possibly indicates a downward bias in my results.
In contrast, the association between sending remittances and intermarriage persists even when I control for unobserved variables, indicating that remittance behaviour changes with intermarriage.
In addition, our results indicate that internal remittances (remittances from household members migrating internally) have a greater impact on education than do external remittances.
The Obama administration has indicated that it would like the Cuban government to stop charging fees on remittances sent to the island, open Cuba to American telecommunications companies and release all political prisoners.
It is expected that reduced costs of migration, as indicated by a larger migrant network, will lead to an increase in both the likelihood that a household receives remittances and the size of the remittances received.
Proposition 5 indicates that remittances decrease the aggregate income risk faced by the migrant if her initial risk is mainly located in the host country (large θ h ).
In particular, the findings above indicate that remittances are more effective at moving children completely out of the labor market in urban areas than rural areas.
While the findings suggest that remittances can lead to an across the board reduction in child labor, the difference in magnitudes of the effect between urban and rural areas indicates that remittances are more effective in some areas than others.
