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However, little is known about which factors interact with DSIF and NELF to regulate pausing.
Why TAF4 regulates pausing at this set of genes remains to be determined, although we note that they are enriched in short intron-less genes.
This evolutionary perspective and the murky status of Pol II pausing in worms may indicate an Integrator-dependent function at promoter proximal sites that is unrelated to NELF-regulated pausing.
The core components regulating pausing are expressed in all animal cells and are recruited to the majority of genes, however, disrupting their function often results in discrete phenotypic effects.
It is possible that full length mRNA cannot be detected because of pausing, and that a wide variety of expression levels, including high expression, are regulated by pause site entry and escape of RNAPII [ 7].
Rahl, P.B. et al. c-Myc regulates transcriptional pause release.
Rahl, P. B. et al. C-Myc regulates transcriptional pause release.
Rahl, P. B. et al. c-Myc regulates transcriptional pause release.
Promoters regulated by pausing are now recognized to possess a distinct chromatin architecture that may facilitate the plasticity of gene expression in response to signaling events.
Choi et al (2009) also illustrated different levels of nucleosome occupancy and CpG density at the start and end of each exon in the majority of protein-coding genes, which may regulate the pausing of RNA polymerase II at these sites as it traverses the gene.
Mammalian promoters are frequently regulated by proximal pausing, with most promoters pausing within 200 base pairs of the TSS (Adelman and Lis, 2012).
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