Reduced generation of NO in macrophages deprived of SphK-1 demonstrated their poor activation since NO is a well-known and potent marker of activated M-1 macrophages [73], [74].
Isoniazid resistance has been associated with reduced clustering and reduced generation of secondary cases (15, 16 ) so it might have been expected to be less common in the larger clusters.
The HIF1 data has also been interpreted by some to support a model in which reduced mitochondrial function leads to reduced generation of toxic oxygen byproducts, or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and therefore decreases cellular death [10], [12].
In addition, calpeptin prevented the increase in protein expression of calpain1 and calpain2 and reduced calpain activity as indicated by reduced generation of the calpain cleavage product αII-spectrin in the diaphragm.
Several hypoxia-induced drug-resistance mechanisms have been described such as reduced generation of free radicals, increased production of reducing agents, increased activity of DNA repair enzymes, cell cycle arrest and induction of anti-apoptosis.
Although mass spectra recorded in the linear mode have only limited resolution and a reduced mass accuracy [ 21], the higher sensitivity and the reduced generation of fragmentation products are clear advantages of this approach.
Evidence exists that the delay in generating a rapid primary CD8+ T cell is due to the reduced generation of antigenic load in vivo.
Biochemical experiments suggested that gamma stimulation also altered the processing of amyloid precursor protein, indicating reduced generation of Aβ.
But macrophages from older mice acted differently: A-beta's presence incited a big increase in EP2 activity in these cells, resulting in amped-up output of inflammatory molecules and reduced generation of recruiting chemicals and A-beta-digesting enzymes.
A proposed central event is diminished amounts of nitric oxide (NO) due to reduced generation by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and increased oxidative stress.
The drought is also having an impact on energy supplies, with reduced generation from hydroelectric dams while demand for electricity peaks as people turn up the air conditioning through the hot summer.
