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Cd (20 °C+Cd) did reduce reproduction, but acclimation to 24 °C+Cd did not decrease reproductive output additionally.
Their competence in colonizing egg masses on the roots; the degree to which they were able to reduce reproduction of M. javanica; Their capability for establishment, survival and multiplication whether they could promote growth of pistachio plants.
Some cultural traits are passed on because they increase biological fitness, but traits that reduce reproduction rates, such as tools or war or contraception, can also spread, and many traits, such as music trends, spread without any impact on procreation or survival.
In greenhouse conditions, whether these isolates are able to colonize roots, the following criteria were evaluated: 1) Their competence in colonizing egg masses on the roots; the degree to which they were able to reduce reproduction of M. javanica; 2) Their capability for establishment, survival and multiplication whether they could promote growth of pistachio plants. .
Under these circumstances, the adaptive strategy is to shut down or greatly reduce reproduction and redirect the limited resources available towards somatic maintenance to increase the chances of survival until food is plentiful [4].
This is expected to reduce reproduction of other queens because of limited resources.
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However, the data indicate that TiO2 can affect soil organisms beyond conventional effects such as increased mortality and reduced reproduction.
In the medfly, a sugar-only diet leads to low mortality rates and reduced reproduction; addition of dietary yeast increases both mortality and egg laying.
Symptoms like estrus cycle irregularities, reduced reproduction rate, or delayed sexual maturation may be due to systemic toxic effects, for example seen as decreased body weight, but also due to interferences with the endocrine system [25].
Both the chemically induced "homosexual" behavior and the diminished ability to attract females by males have reduced reproduction rates in affected populations.
In contrast, when fish density is lower, zooplankton densities are predicted to follow a classic predator-prey cycle and crash due to starvation and reduced reproduction rate.
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