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The average number of steps needed to reach equivalence ranged from 6.2 for state 11145 to 8.3 for state 12112 (Table 2).
The authors are confident that a rigorous process was applied to reach equivalence between the original WDQ and the resulting German version of the WDQ providing an assessment for use in clinical practice and research, which is supported by the excellent Cronbach's α of 0.894.
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However its adoption in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is yet to reach the equivalence of the general education sector.
Generally, for a transaction to take place there must be some measure of value that enables the agents to reach an equivalence acceptable to all.
The modified program was applied to the problem of addition of acetylene or benzene to different positions of a 40-Torr, ϕ= 2.4 benzene/O2/40%-N2 benzene/O2/40%-N2 reach final equivalence ratios of ϕ="2.5 and 2.681.
The 13-item original English version of the PDPI-R was translated into Japanese and then back-translated into English in order to reach semantic equivalence.
Cross-cultural adaptation aims to reach the equivalence between the original source (in the UK) and target version (in Lebanon) of the questionnaire.
Failing to reach Tau equivalence would suggest that adding the individual score of the six items of the K6 may not provide an adequate scoring of psychological distress.
To reach conceptual equivalence, a group discussion consisting of three experienced PT's and four elderly persons representing the target group, lead by an experienced interviewer, were used to gather comments on the first version.
The aim of the translation procedure was to reach conceptual equivalence between the original English version and the Dutch translation of the ASCOT, in order to maintain the content validity of the instrument at conceptual level across different cultures [ 12].
He said: "I do consider dogs to be intelligent, with the average dog having a mental capacity equivalent to a two-and-a-half-year-old child, and the super dogs (those in the top 20 per cent of canine intelligence) perhaps reaching the equivalence of a human three-year-old.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com