More recently, France was convulsed by a series of murders over nine days last March including three French soldiers of north African descent killed in two separate shootings, and a rabbi, his two young sons and a third child in an attack on a Jewish school in Toulouse.
An Amsterdam rabbi, Binjamin Jacobs, had his front door stoned, and two Jewish women were attacked – one beaten, the other the victim of arson – after they hung Israeli flags from their balconies.
Related: Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller: a year in their lives - in pictures His autobiography tells the story of a rabbi who, by stealing jewels from under the pillow of a dying man, stimulated his victim into enough life to chase him out of the bedroom.
Two years ago, in May 2012, Toulouse gunman Mohamed Merah shot dead seven people, including three children and a young rabbi outside their Jewish school.
A decision by the ultra-orthodox rabbi Nissim Karelitz recognises that the Chuetas of Mallorca, who were persecuted by the Spanish Inquisition and remained a distinct group within Mallorcan society until the 1970s, had the right to call themselves Jews.
Foxman said he had personally spent hours talking with Galliano, and that the designer is meeting with a rabbi and studying Holocaust history.
After Trautmann's arrival in Manchester, there were strong protests from Jewish groups, but the city's communal rabbi came out in Trautmann's favour.
I am not a rabbi, nor am I a very observant Jew.
Lord Sacks, the former chief rabbi, said he could understand the reason Muslim leaders might be asking why the government was putting the blame on the community when radicalised Islam was a global phenomenon transmitted by the internet and social media.
Liberals accused him of promoting the forcible "transfer" plan, akin to ethnic cleansing, proclaimed by a rabbi, Meir Kahane, who vilified Arabs while calling for a pure Jewish state.Today, however, even some doveish Israeli left-wingers find such ideas reasonable.
One example was the murder in 2012 of Jonathan Sandler, a young rabbi, together with his two small children and a young Jewish girl, who were shot one morning at a Jewish school in Toulouse.
