Thus, the hazard ratio of 1.47 estimated by the authors using the proper time-dependent approach is not surprising in an observational study subject to confounding by indication.
As discussed earlier and summarized in Table 1, time-window bias can lead to spurious associations even when proper time-dependent analyses are performed.
Using the time-fixed approach, known to introduce immortal time bias, they find that statin use is associated with a 34% reduction in cardiovascular events, while the proper time-dependent approach led to a 47% increase in cardiovascular events.
By using the proper time-dependent sampling, a protective effect was clearly detected for all study drugs, confirming the results of clinical trials and strengthening their validity in clinical practice.
The discrepancy could be due to the difference in tissues (gill vs. intestine) but we noticed that previous studies were lacking proper time-dependent control transfer, and where the salinity effects were concluded by the comparison between pre-transfer and post-transfer groups [ 24].
Using the proper, unbiased, time-dependent sampling, a protective effect was detected for all study drugs.
Overall, this study provides guidance to select proper statistical tool for the assessing the time dependent variation of diffusion coefficient.
Then, a proper time marching procedure is applied to solve the time-dependent problem.
Beings whose brain development is uniquely responsive to and dependent on the receipt at the proper time of even a small sample of language.
However, performance of surface coatings is time-dependent and coated concretes must be recoated with distinct surface coating in proper time which means before coatings deterioration time.
Polarization of yeast cells must occur at the proper time in the cell cycle, suggesting a potential regulatory role for the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) Cdc28 on Cdc24, which leads to timely activation of Cdc42.
