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Cu2+ and Ni2+ were also found to activate the enzyme (primarily stimulating ADPase activity), similar as for some E. coli nucleotidases [25], whereas Cd2+ and Zn2+ could not induce the tsetse fly 5'Nuc although these are suitable cofactors for the E. coli homologue [19].
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Subunit vaccine formulations often include adjuvants that primarily stimulate innate immune cells.
There is evidence that inhalation anesthetics block synapses that participate in excitatory neuronal transmission, whereas some intravenous anesthetics primarily stimulate the activity of inhibitory neuronal transmission.
This indicates that the congestion charge primarily stimulates BEV sales in reality.
In the previous section, we reported that visitor consumption in Kyoto primarily stimulated the tertiary industries in that city.
Rather than preventing infection, both the naked DNA and MVA vaccines primarily stimulate the immune system to eliminate already infected cells.
Whereas cocaine and amphetamine primarily stimulate D1 receptor, caffeine largely acts by enhancing D2 receptor pathways [23], [24].
Int 407 cells were primarily stimulated with 40 nM LTD4 and receptor internalization and dimerization were visualized using electron microscopy (Fig. 3A).
AC1 and AC8 generate cAMP from ATP and are the only AC isoforms primarily stimulated by calcium via calmodulin activation [3] [6].
Differentiated Th1 cells primarily stimulate cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens by activating macrophages and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes that leads to the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) [reviewed in 22].
Our data implicates that the proinflammatory properties of Ang-(1 7) and the Mas receptor in the kidney are primarily stimulated by a local activation of the NF-κB pathway, and the upregulation of proinflammatory genes under its control, like MCP-1 and IL-6, rather than by systemic effects as stimulating bone marrow-based progenitors of inflammatory cells.
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