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Blumrosen, supra, n. 19, at 93. See 463 F.2d, at 352. 'Past conduct may well relate to present fitness; past loyalty may have a reasonable relationship to present and future trust.' Garner v. Board of Public Works of Los Angeles, 341 U.S. 716, 720, 71 S.Ct.
If a mutation occurs, either due to the inherent genetic instability of cancer cells or provoked by treatment, that gives a cancer cell a growth advantage for the present fitness landscape that leads to a clonal expansion of this subpopulation [5].
It is possible that morph frequencies are maintained by frequency-dependent selection, so that light individuals may present fitness disadvantages of the same magnitude than that represented by low GSH levels in melanic individuals, resulting in a ratio costs:benefits that is similar in both morphs [see [57] for an example of positive selection on darker individuals].
The specific experimental design that was used to generate the present fitness dataset allows us to represent the genotypes in the matrix displayed in Table 1.
The shape of the present fitness landscape on 37 genotypes is a triangulation of the genotope into 362 nine-dimensional simplices (see Additional file 5).
We excluded the N2 strain from our analysis because it shows signs of behavioral adaptation to laboratory conditions [ 45- 48], but we present fitness results for N2 in Additional file 1: Fig. S1.
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Moreover, Fig. 5 presents fitness scaling of the best found solutions of the developed GA.
Combination of the four presented fitness functions in a global fitness function f 5 allows optimizing networks that are subject to multiple requirements: f_{5}=w_{1} f_{1}-w_{2} f_{2}-w_{3} f_{3}-w_{4} f_{4}.
One particularly interesting aspect of this captive-breeding programme is that the birds are bred using artificial insemination -- and the viability of the sperm in each ejaculate is carefully assessed after collection since abnormal sperm present obvious fitness costs for the birds (and for the conservation programme!).
Hodgson will need to be satisfied the latter's injury absence since March does not present a fitness gamble.
Despite the fact that training, validation, and test phases present different fitness values, validation and test curves tend to follow the training behavior.
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