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They were parasitized individually by a single C. sesamiae female and placed in a Petri dish with a piece of maize stem and a piece of wet paper, under the same prior rearing conditions, until observation of either (i) the formation of parasitoid cocoons, (ii) death of the host larvae, without cocoon formation, or (iii) formation of host pupa.
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Pieces of maize straw were generally larger than pieces of grass straw.
It is also possible that excessive aeration because of the larger (thicker diameter) pieces of maize straw contributed to lower temperatures.
Three weeks after eggs hatched, host larvae from the three species were taken from rearing vials and placed on fresh pieces of maize stem for 24 h, to ensure acceptance by the parasitoid (Overholt et al. 1994).
Bt continuous: 2 × 2-cm leaf pieces of GM Bt maize were supplied throughout the entire bioassay; 4.
Bt 24: 2 × 2-cm leaf pieces of GM Bt maize were supplied for 24 h; for the rest of the experiment, 2 × 2-cm leaf pieces of the isogenic maize line were provided; 3.
Small pieces (2 3 mm) of maize leaf were harvested from approximately the midblade area, placed into fixative solution (4% formaldehyde in 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline [PBS] with 1 10,000 Silwet L-77 [Lehle Seeds, Round Rock, Texas, USA]), and vacuumed several times until tissues sank, and then fixed overnight at 4°C.
In addition, other parts of maize straw were cut to small pieces and passed through a 0.42 mm sieve and were oven-dried at 60 °C.
"I can't believe that the piece of land that used to give me eight bags of maize three years ago is now producing up to 25 bags," he says.
Toxin continuous: 2 × 2-cm leaf pieces of the isogenic maize line were sprayed with Bt toxin solution (45 μg ml-1) and supplied during the entire bioassay. .
Toxin 24: 2 × 2-cm leaf pieces of the isogenic maize line were sprayed with Bt toxin solution (45 μg ml-1) and supplied for 24 h; for the rest of the experiment, unsprayed leaf pieces of the isogenic maize line were provided; 5.
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