EU leaders say they understand how damaging this is, and how the current overrepresentation of Europe from membership of the G20 to voting rights at the IMF will not be tolerated by other countries for ever.
The overrepresentation of Wales, Scotland and many of Labour's northern strongholds, combined with low turnouts in seats where there is little competition for votes, represents a bias to Labour worth more than 30 seats.And it gets worse.
By tracking the overrepresentation of those names in elite positions, he is able to work out long-run mobility rates.As late as 2011 aristocratic surnames appear among the ranks of lawyers, considered for this purpose a high-status position, at a frequency almost six times that of their occurrence in the population as a whole.
From a political rather than a legal perspective, malapportionment is usually considered "undemocratic" because it results in the overrepresentation or underrepresentation of certain sectors of the population and, consequently, may eventuate in public policies not acceptable to the majority of the electorate.
In federations in which there is no guaranteed overrepresentation of smaller regions, a crucial principle of federalism is violated: the protection of regional sovereignty against a central government, backed by a national majority, that may seek to erode regional autonomy.
As if to drive home the monocultural point, the committee will be chaired by Jesse Norman, a Tory MP best known for writing a biography of the 18th-century "first modern conservative" Edmund Burke, and for being an old Etonian who defends the overrepresentation of his classroom chums in government.
Journalists have noted and sociologists have investigated the overrepresentation of African Americans in some sports (basketball, boxing, track) and their underrepresentation in others (polo, swimming, yachting).
In Aspen last June, he had an animated discussion with two other conference participants about what one of them had identified as an overrepresentation of Deadheads in high-tech companies in Silicon Valley.
The Constitution of the Fifth Republic is nearly as contradictory and irrational as our own (with its guarantee of vast overrepresentation of fields and the vast underrepresentation of cities), though, as with our own, its irrationalities are assumed to be a guarantor of its success.
Psychological studies of confessions that have proved false show an overrepresentation of children, the mentally ill and mentally retarded, and suspects who are drunk or high.
One reason for that change is that some party leaders, including Mr. Xi, believe that an overrepresentation of interests on the committee has led to gridlock in decision making.
