CFED proposes a host of reforms, including using refundable tax credits rather than tax breaks to support asset development, placing caps on mortgage interest deductibility, and using direct budget outlays for asset development rather than just tinkering with the tax code (since the people who find it advantageous to itemize their deductions tend to be among the wealthier citizens).
Outlays for research and development (R and D), such as purchases of a plant and equipment, are intended to yield returns over a period of years and are frequently given special tax treatment.
It was the most highly associated indicator with the share of country-specific government budget appropriations or outlays for research and development as % of GDP in 2004 (r = 0.229) followed by the average number of citations/publication (r = 0.153) whereas the corresponding correlation coefficient for the h-index was close to 0 (r = 0.029).
We further examined whether the country-specific modified impact indices (calculated as the median of the MIIs of the institutions for each country) correlated with the share of government budget appropriations or outlays for research and development (GBAORD) as % of GDP in 2004 (GBAORD are a way of measuring government support to R&D activities) [ 8].
The proposed index correlated with the share of government budget appropriations or outlays for research and development as % of GDP in 2004 (r = 0.229) whereas the corresponding correlation coefficient for the h-index was close to 0. Additionally, it was positively associated with the average number of citations/publication, the h-index and the number of highly cited papers.
Research and development outlays for the A380 are at their peak levels this year and next.
Outlays for existing ones are rising handsomely, except, of course, for the military.
Outlays for nuclear energy research would drop 28percentt.
There are also significant outlays for areas like alumni cultivation, development, and federal and state reporting mandates.
The county's outlays for open space -- about $450 million for 50,000 acres or their development rights since 1973 -- have been surpassed by only a handful of states.
In subsection (a)(22), the words "budget outlays" are substituted for "outlays" for consistency.
