Opposition-based learning (OBL) was developed by Tizhoosh to improve candidate solution by considering current population as well as its opposite population at the same time.
During the last decades, opposite population trends in the development of BP and BMI have been observed in many countries.
At the opposite, most populations included in our analyses (or populations from close geographic areas) have been described as evolving under demographic expansion on the basis of mitochondrial DNA data [76], [79], and thus negative D values were expected under neutral conditions.
One approach is to use of common garden experiments (also recommended by Urban and Phillips 2014), where individuals from the same population can be submitted to different environmental conditions, or the opposite (several populations, one experimental environmental conditions).
Regarding the ITS region, when only D* and F* [ 45] are significant, background selection is indicated as the likely mechanism underlying the polymorphism, and the opposite suggests population growth [ 44].
Conversely, Waples (2002) found the opposite for increasing populations, as increasing population size rapidly attenuates the magnitude of genetic drift, but inbreeding effects persist longer because of inherent relatedness among individuals derived from a bottlenecked (or reduced) population.
Others show methylation patterns with an opposite-direction population structure, negatively contributing to the PSF.
Certainly, the impact that people have on the climate is a problem; but the solution lies in consuming less fossil fuel, not in manipulating population levels.Nor does the opposite problem that the population will fall so fast or so far that civilisation is threatened seem a real danger.
More recently, an age of about 20,000 years has been established for O-M95, resulting in an opposite interpretation: Austroasiatic populations would have a Southeast Asian origin, and those migrating to Northeast India would have extensively admixed with Indian populations (Chaubey et al. 2011).
