They center on Tatmadaw (Myanmar military) offensives carried between 2005 and 2008, focusing specifically on one township in northern Kayin (Karen) State in December 2005 and January 2006.
Stratified analyses have been based on township (individual or grouped), number of reported wells per village (one vs. multiple), artesian well dependency, and exposure strata (low vs. higher: < 0.13 ppm vs. > 0.25 ppm).
After the April 1994 first free elections when Mandela came to power, there was a clamour to go on township tours.
The MDC's latest campaign of newspaper advertisements shows photographs of torture victims' gruesome injuries and the slogan "Change demands action", which is also scrawled on township walls.
As his career progressed, Tosh liked to broaden the reggae palette, too: Nothing But Love, a duet with Gwen Guthrie, was a pioneering slice of reggae disco, and Mama Africa drew on township jive to salute the African Motherland.
Today, up to a quarter of visitors to South Africa (some 400,000 tourists a year) go on "township tours".
From handing out condoms on township streets, to encouraging neighbors, community leaders and friends to attend the meetings held at GAPA, these elder women are becoming the social fabric tying together their community in a band of resistance against HIV/AIDS.
Many studies on the transformation of township enterprises focus on the softening of contract constraints.
"We were writing about what was going on in the townships — demonstrations, brutal police, and especially women who had been detained, leaving their children behind," Luthuli said.
The lightning IS strikes on Iraqi Kurdistan have drawn the Kurdish Peshmerga fighters into the fray in many areas, imposing economic blockades on Sunni townships because of the IS presence there.
