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Ground-nesting birds, such as ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla), are present and abundant as early as 13 years following a harvest and are not obligate to closed-canopied forest conditions.
Aphid species vary in their mode of reproduction from obligate to cyclical parthenogens, but less than 3% of species are strictly clonal [18].
These gut-microbe interactions are diverse and include antagonism, commensalism, and mutualism and range from obligate to facultative [ 6].
A careful hormonal assessment was obligate to exclude pheochromocytoma, subclinical Cushing syndrome and to identify potential tumour markers.
Between these two extremes lie a range of interaction types, from protagonistic (mutualism) to benign (commensalism) to antagonistic (e.g. predation or parasitism), with each interaction type varying from obligate to facultative (Little et al., 2008).
The life-history transition from obligate to facultative outcrossing allows C. elegans hermaphrodites two reproductive options, but it is not clear to what extent they make a strategic choice between them, how that choice is regulated, or whether there is genetic variation in reproductive decision segregating in natural populations.
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Is anyone obligated to defend the region?
"You're not legally obligated to presume innocence".
"You are obligated to repay it".
It's legally obligated to do so.
But are you obligated to do this?
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com