The ability of computer simulation models to "better frame problems and opportunities, integrate data sources, quantify the impact of specific events or outcomes, and improve multi-stakeholder decision making," has motivated their use in public health preparedness (PHP) [ 1].
Landscape governance can be considered as a specific, spatial manifestation of EPI: it aims to balance agricultural production, nature conservation and livelihood needs at the landscape level through multi-stakeholder decision making.
Among the variety of MCDM methods, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) by Thomas Saaty [43] has proved to be suitable for complex multi-stakeholder multi-criteria decision-making [44, 45, 46, 47].
In addition, the subsequent stakeholder decision-making process is considered.
Evidence is therefore needed to improve our understanding of stakeholders' decision-making process.
This paper addresses the complex problem of multi-stakeholder decisions in urban freight transport policy-making from a public authority perspective, by proposing a procedure based on a modelling approach to support stakeholder involvement in the decision-making process.
Moreover, the interaction with increasing numbers of stakeholders makes decision-making even more complex.
ASMSA's selection method includes Multiple-Stakeholder Processes (MSPs) and the use of Multi-Objective Multi-Criteria (MOMC) decision-making techniques.
Some of them help stakeholders understanding the problem and making decisions (i.e. multi-criteria decision-making methods, Participatory GIS, focus groups), while others support practitioners and policy-makers by providing insight into stakeholders' preferences and complex social aspects (social network analysis, discrete choice models, agent-based modelling).
