He found that perceptions of masculinity altered across the menstrual cycle, with "a preference for more masculine faces when women are fertile".
Because their gender roles involved a mixture of both masculine and feminine traits, two-spirit persons could do both the work of men and of women.
Because a family needed both plant foods and meat, a masculine female hunter, in turn, usually married a feminine female, to provide these complementary gender roles for economic survival.
This alternative gender status offers a range of possibilities, from slightly effeminate males or masculine females, to androgynous or transgender persons, to those who completely cross-dress and act as the other gender.
It's well known that the suit conveys authority and power in the workplace in overtly masculine ways.
They reveal an overwhelmingly masculine, patriarchal corporate culture, and point to the double burden of work and domestic responsibilities, the "anytime, anywhere" model of management and, a particular curse in the UK, the long hours working culture wired into city law firms.
And yet, despite these twin liabilities, he still successfully cultivates that particular west-of-Scotland masculine appeal.
The song is a strong, masculine piece with wonderful music.
A handful of casual references in which pleasure is one's own are slickly antithetical to any male musician – from Serge Gainsbourg to Skinny Puppy – who ever plunked the sound of a woman moaning into a song for the sake of masculine bravado.
Oral contraception flips these responses altogether; no longer ovulating at all, women prefer a masculine face, presumably because once the demands of reproduction are taken out of the equation, considerations such as cooperation are no longer so important (the Daily Mail reported this at the time as "Pill To Make You Fancy Russell Crowe").
Native Americans have often held intersex, androgynous people, feminine males and masculine females in high respect.
