( {mathrm{x}}_{mathrm{it}}^{prime } ) is a vector composed of control variables such as the leverage ratio and log asset size, lagged dependent variables (yit-1), and cross-terms among ESG scores (EDSit × SDSit, GDSit × SDSit, EDSit × GDSit).2 The choice of control variables could be justified by recent CSR studies and other finance literature testing FP.
SIZE is the log of assets.
SIZE is firm size, defined as the log of assets.
We present the VAR log linear asset pricing model in state space model with Markov-switching, so that we can capture the unobservable speculative bubbles.
The independent variables include the natural log of total assets, financial leverage, profit margin, asset turnover (sales to asset), current ratio, days cash on hand, days patient accounts receivable, average age of plant, total salary to revenue, and three dummy variables: public hospital, nonprofit hospital, and urban hospital.
The independent variables include the natural log of total assets, changes in financial characteristics (financial leverage, profit margin, asset turnover, current ratio, days cash on hand, days patient accounts receivable, average age of plant, and total salary to revenue), and three dummy variables: public hospital, nonprofit hospital, and urban hospital.
SIZE is defined as log of total assets to GNP price-level index.
This also causes the high number (6.863589) of the log of total assets.
The first control variable is firm size (SIZE), which is measured by taking the natural log of total assets.
Employees are using mobile devices to log into corporate assets in the cloud and sharing sensitive information through email, cloud storage services and websites.
