Income status of the locals is low due to the fact that low literacy ratio in the study area might be another reason of their higher dependency on medicinal plants for different income generating or compensating purposes.
Increasing cancer rate sex ratios were also significantly associated with socio-cultural variables including both education sex ratios (primary P<0.01, secondary P<0.01) and decreasing F : M adult literacy ratio (P<0.01).
About 77% of the district population is illiterate with a literacy ratio of 1 to 3.5 between female and males, and less than 2% of the population has education beyond 8 years of schooling (20).
With a literacy ratio of 44% and about 50% of the population receiving only primary or below primary education [ 3] there are many Pakistanis who are unable to read and understand English.
The strongest association was with adult literacy sex ratio, suggesting a strong persisting influence of social indicators, but also with economic, healthcare and other social indicators.
Firstly, key indicators from MICS 2000 and SMS 1999, including infant mortality, child mortality, maternal mortality ratio, literacy, female literacy, primary school enrolment, Immunisation coverage, malnutrition rate, access to safe drinking water, clean safe delivery, HIV/AIDS knowledge, etc., were used to rank and select nine "focus states" as the most vulnerable in northern Sudan (Figure 3).
For example, the upstream region possessed higher female-male ratio, literacy level, respondents' living duration within same community, per capita consumption expenditure, land ownership, weather perception, disaster preparedness participation, and access to electricity, sanitary latrine, and clean drinking water than those of the downstream area.
Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, body mass index and literacy showed odds ratio consistently higher among farmers as compared to controls [Table 4].
The average adult literacy rate is 61%, net primary enrolment ratio is 68%, net secondary education enrolment ratio is 29% and combined school enrolment rate is 50%.
In China, the higher a province's literacy rate, the more skewed its sex ratio.
Mr. Modhwadia said that the state had performed badly on several measures in education, including "literacy rate, budgetary allocation and school dropout ratio," compared to other Indian states.
