A few linguistic adjustments were made accordingly (V2).
The MHPTS and Ottawa GRS were translated into Norwegian using a "back translation" [ 35], and the instruments were tested for both face- and content validity by an expert group of simulation instructors, with only minor linguistic adjustments being required.
After making some minor linguistic adjustments, all experts agreed on the face validity, user friendliness, relevance, and content of the items included in the revised 36-item version of FAQ.
The linguistic adjustment, while doing little to calm protesters, has since translated into real steps to relieve economies straitjacketed by budget cuts.
The review highlighted the transitional nature of the international doctoral student experience, suggesting that students face a range of cultural, pedagogic, linguistic and social adjustments [ 16, 17].
Importantly, even though BEL is well adapted to script biological network models as it is both human and machine-readable and requires little adjustments of linguistic tools, it is not the only language being used to represent biological knowledge.
In most countries of the Western world, with adequate resources and few operational inconveniences [1, 2], issues like illiteracy, ethnocultural variations and linguistic diversity are not factors requiring methodological adjustments.
While multivariable adjustment for age, sex, BMI, urinary sodium and creatinine excretion and other behavioral and food habits had little effect on this association, additional adjustment for fluid intake substantially attenuated the relationship, but a significant effect of the linguistic region persisted in the fully adjusted model (β = 148 ml [CI: 54, 243], p = 0.0021).
Notwithstanding the complexity of understanding how social significance comes to be associated with certain linguistic features, it remains unclear what mechanism leads to the initial adjustments in the first place.
Intervention effects were estimated with mixed linear and logistic regression models, with adjustment for baseline outcomes, age, sex, and sociocultural and linguistic region (German versus French part of Switzerland) as covariates.
