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There are still women out there with the money to buy this stuff – I've seen them with my own eyes – but in the last decade their demographic has been changing at a lightning rate.
The lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth.
There is also a correlation between the total lightning rate and the size of the thunderstorm, its updraft velocity, and amount of graupel over land.
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Since water vapor is the fuel for thunderstorms, lightning rates can depend very sensitively on temperature.
The photos allow Romps, a climate scientist who specializes in clouds, to measure how fast the clouds rise, which in turn can shed light on a wide range of areas, ranging from lightning rates to extreme precipitation to the ozone hole.
With increasing WWLLN station numbers and improved processing algorithms, WWLLN global lightning rates have now increased by ∼4 times, relative to the 2006 Reloc-A algorithm (personal communication, Craig J. Rodger, 2011).
What they found is a correlation between solar wind streams and lightning rates.
As there is no correlation between lightning discharge rates observed by the LMA and the source mass flux, it is not apparent that lightning rates could be used here as a means of determining the source mass flux.
Here we reanalyze the variation in lightning rates using an integral plume model to assess the effect of changing conditions within the plume, in addition to atmospheric conditions.
Figure 7 shows that increased lightning rates are associated with the availability of condensed water and plume top temperatures of around −20°C or lower.
In contrast, the lightning rates observed by the LMA are uncorrelated with either the plume top height (Fig. 3a) or the source mass flux (Fig. 3c).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com