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Non-English language trials were translated and included whenever possible.
The prespecified search strategy excluded unpublished data and non-English language trials.
However, reanalysis of published meta-analysis including both English and non-English language trials found no consistent change in the summary estimates of meta-analyses when excluding non-English language trials.
It is also possible that some trials, such as potentially some non-English language trials, were not included.
The two non English language trials identified in the literature search were professionally translated to allow full inclusion and to prevent the introduction of language bias [ 45, 46].
In complementary medicine several meta-analyses resulted in significantly smaller summary result estimates when excluding non-English language trials [ 2- 4].
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DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (1966 to May 2006), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 2, 2006), and selected reference lists were searched for relevant English-language trials.
Even though CRA still works in the case of applying EFR normalization, its performance is not so good as in the case of without EFR normalization both in English trials and in multi-language trials.
Study Selection: English-language trials and longitudinal observational studies that met criteria for the PCMH, as defined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and included populations with multiple conditions.
For our system, best LDA dimension is 210 (in the case that dimension of total factor matrix is 400), standardization before LDA compensation (EFR norm four iterations) enhances the performance and gives a baseline of 2.35 % for EER and 0.0233 for DCF in the English trials (det7), 5.40 % for EER and 0.0525 for DCF in the multi-language trials (det6, all trials).
After applying CRA, as we reduce the number of components, EER and DCF decrease slightly, the best performance is obtained when the threshold R is 900, which gives a minimum EER of 2.15 and minimum DCF of 0.0207 in the English trials and a minimum EER of 5.10 and minimum DCF of 0.0503 in the multi-language trials.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com