At a regional level, differences emerge; in the North, only spruce/fir and loblolly/shortleaf pine are not equivalent (too few plots were available in pinyon/juniper for a reliable test statistic) while in the South, the pine types lacked equivalence, as did pinyon/juniper.
In this study, DIF, an item lacking equivalence in performance across the two groups or settings (e.g., paper-and-pencil vs. touch-screen administration), was identified statistically by conducting an independent t-test on the difficulty calibration of each item.
These data demonstrate that generic products of oxacillin lack therapeutic equivalence in an animal model, despite the fact that 5 of 9 displayed pharmaceutical equivalence in a validated microbiological assay.
In cases where animated graphics seem superior to static ones, scrutiny reveals lack of equivalence between animated and static graphics in content or procedures; the animated graphics convey more information or involve interactivity.
These racial variances were attributed by authors attributed to unequal access to educational opportunities and cultural differences as well as lack of equivalence in cognitive measures [22].
The lower scores by African Americans were attributed to unequal access to educational opportunities and cultural differences as well as lack of equivalence in cognitive measures [11].
This could be due to a lack of equivalence between the original and translated versions, cultural differences with the interpretation of items, dissimilarities in rater training, or diversity in the understanding of scoring anchors.
If accepting a lack of equivalence between "p" and "p is true" and a failure of truth-functionality for "or" and "and" were the only alternative to accepting fatalism, most people would find it easier to accept these theoretical oddities, if oddities they are.
Further still, the factors that pertain to this lack of equivalence are numerous and diverse.
The various divisions of Proteobacteria, as currently named, lack hierarchical equivalence.
However, a multisite trial also carries risks, the most important one being lack of equivalence between local study populations.
