More specifically, he adds, he likes to explore "how people come up with ideas, and how ideas spread, among firms and across countries". In short, Van Reenen studies how our modern world keeps modernizing.
China, India and the Middle East are in the midst of exceptional economic booms and need cheap energy, which is largely subsidized by their governments, to keep growing and modernizing.
All this puts Shenhua the world's third-largest coal company, after Peabody Energy of St . Louisin the U.S. and Rio Tinto of Melbourne, Australia at the center of China's massive effort to keep industrializing and modernizing.
This remoteness has also kept Idjwi from modernizing during the 20th and 21st centuries.
In interviews, agency officials have said the protections needed to be modernized to keep pace with developments in mobile apps, voice recognition, facial recognition and comprehensive online data collection by marketers.
The exponential growth of Uber, Lyft and SideCar — which through technology connect ride-seekers with private car owners looking to earn extra cash — threatens a taxi industry that critics say has been slow to modernize and keep up in a technology-driven era.
In the 34 years of my career focused on food safety, I have seen -- again and again -- the need to modernize to keep up with the latest science and threats.
Still, British Woolworth, unwilling to go the way of its moribund American relative, keeps trying to modernize.
Now, young Indians are increasingly deciding that they can keep their culture alive by modernizing it.
Their ambitions, and the impending deadline, make the Pentagon's review crucial, because it would help determine the bottom line, as well as which missiles, bombers and submarines to keep, how much to spend modernizing them and the implications of a changing world where small states, too, can acquire nuclear arms.
