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Intentional selection of scenes with minimal pairwise associations among the four stimulus dimensions afforded the opportunity to obtain simultaneous but independent estimates of men's average utilization of these four cues when judging women's sexual interest.
Although used originally, likely as a means to enable the propagation of select phenotypes, grafting became a major intentional selection tool for soil and climate adaptation, disease resistance, improved productivity, and fruit quality.
For each generation, the individuals were reared without intentional selection in a controlled environment to avoid environmental effects and biases in selecting the genitors for the next generation.
This process often includes an initial phase of unconscious selection by farmers for several thousand years, followed by a subsequent breeding phase of intentional selection of favorable traits by breeders1.
For obvious reasons, the form of artificial selection that Darwin dubbed methodical selection has also been called "deliberate" or "conscious" or "intentional" selection (e.g., Harlan et al 1973; Heiser 1988; Zohary 2004; Emshwiller 2006).
A possible interpretation of this process as implying directional, and even intentional, selection, was at the same time downplayed in the published work through the importance given by Darwin to the role of "unconscious" selection, a concept not encountered in the Natural Selection manuscript.
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As discussed in section 8, Ruth Millikan (1984 , 1993 2000, 2004) has argued at length that much of the intentionality of perceptual mental states derives from the non-intentional selection process at work in the phylogenetic evolution of species.
While psychological mechanisms (e.g. belief-forming mechanisms) derive their proper functions from a non-intentional selection process, particular belief states have derived proper functions.
As remarked earlier, there might be non-intentional selection processes that operate over the span of a culture or over the span of an individual's own development or life.
The results of such intentional trait selection at the level of the individual and possible progeny are no more than a minor factor in the naturally occurring dynamic changes to human germ lines at the level of human populations that are caused by many different factors.
Of the 30 studies comparing hatchery and wild fish in Table 5, only five compared hatchery fish derived from the same local population as the wild fish, and without confounding environmental and genetic differences or some degree of intentional artificial selection in the hatchery, which is not a typical element of captive breeding programs (see Table 5 footnotes).
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