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We estimated cumulative adversity and individual adversity prevalences among white, black, and Hispanic children of U.S.-born and immigrant parents.
Social support may have direct effects on health and may also buffer the impact of exposure to individual adversity on health.
Although there are theoretical and empirical grounds to suspect that each individual adversity might activate physiological stress systems, some adversities might also act as markers or causally precede other factors, rather than exert a direct causal effect.
There were few adversities included at age 16 and 21, but at least for social adversity at age 16 in women, the results remained unchanged when excluding each individual adversity, indicating that the results are not driven by a particular exposure.
Moreover, such adversities tend to co-occur, and their cumulative effects are associated with the development of childhood mental health difficulties, with evidence suggesting that it is the number rather than a specific type of an individual adversity in isolation that has the greatest impact [ 11, 13- 15].
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Among children of immigrant parents, there were few racial/ethnic differences for individual adversities and income gradients were inconsistent.
For children of U.S.-born parents, these patterns of racial/ethnic and income differences were present for most individual adversities.
Individual adversities under peculiar circumstances fit comfortably within his system because the tax that they impose on production are small enough to absorb so long as risk-taking activities receive their rewards.
Thus, the impact of multiple adversities was not equal to the sum of the ORs of individual adversities.
The precision of measurement might vary between individual adversities, and such issues could have contributed to the estimated attenuation of cumulative material adversity by social adversity [ 16].
Supplementary Table 1 Description of the operationalization of all individual adversities included in material and social adversity indices at age 16, 21, 30, and 43 years, and relative frequency in women and men (DOCX 19.8 kb) Assay Description DOCX 10 kb.
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