There is evidence for both indirect, apoptotic destruction of uninfected thymocytes and direct infection and destruction of CD3−CD4+CD8− intrathymic T-progenitor cells, which severely disrupts thymocyte maturation [17], [18].
This showed that cellular Photofrin II uptake in the eye tumours was sufficient for direct cell damage and thus supports the suggestion that direct and indirect tumour destruction occurs in this eye tumour after photodynamic therapy.
Inflammatory and catabolic stimuli from RASFs cause indirect cartilage destruction; a disturbed tissue homeostasis and a shift to catabolic mechanisms lead to suppressed matrix synthesis and induce the production of degradative mediators by chondrocytes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), prostaglandins, and nitric oxide [ 16, 17].
When considering a new undertaking, a number of effects on historic properties must be considered: direct (like physical destruction), indirect (like spoiling a viewshed), short-term, long-term, or cumulative (like how one pipeline may not harm a site, but perhaps a dozen of them will).
Survey results are presented according to the direct (mortality, physical and psychological harm) and indirect (displacement and destruction of property and possessions) consequences of violence.
Hence, cells directly adjacent to the matrix can potentially adhere and invade, whereas those cells in non-erosion regions would only have an indirect influence on destruction.
Armed conflicts are associated with direct consequences like deaths, diseases, stress, migration and environmental destruction; indirect socio-economic disruption in the form of institutional, infrastructural and human capital destruction; and opportunity costs like famine due to disruption of agriculture as well as poverty due to disruption of commerce and education [ 1].
Surfactant alteration, a hallmark of ALI, results from two different mechanisms: direct destruction resulting from alveolar injury, and indirect inactivation in the distal airways caused by a loss of aeration resulting from external lung compression [ 38].
The number of indirect deaths – from the destruction of health facilities or infrastructure – run into the millions.
However, these findings should be interpreted with caution because genotoxicity may result from cytotoxicity, which causes DNA damage or from cell membrane destruction and indirect oxidative DNA damage.
