In addition, some specimens were instrumented, with internal strain gauges in the reinforcing bar to provide data on the reinforcement strain, thus allowing the distribution of bond stresses and their evolution during sustained loading to be also presented and analysed.
This can be quantified by the crack opening produced by the slip Δ between the reinforcement and the concrete at the crack face induced by the force in the reinforcing bar P. In this paper, closed form solutions are derived for the P Δ relationships which are applicable to any type and shape of reinforcement.
The concrete crack width w s in the reinforcing bar can be calculated as the product of the crack spacing S c and the reinforcement strain ε s (Eq. 1).
The PCS60 values increased with increase in the reinforcing indices.
Evaluation of the role of norepinephrine in the reinforcing effects of psychomotor stimulants in rhesus monkeys.
No increases in the reinforcing strength of cocaine were observed under any condition.
It has been suggested that opioid peptides play a role in the reinforcing effects of alcohol.
Similarly, the retained strength had a higher amount when the PCS24 values increased with increase in the reinforcing indices.
CREB and BDNF have been studied for their transient and long-lasting, respectively, roles in the reinforcing effects of drugs (Horger et al, 1999; Nestler, 2001).
Picciotto MR, Zoli M, Rimondini R, Lena C, Marubio LM, Pich EM, et al. Acetylcholine receptors containing the beta2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine.
These pathways are also critically involved in the reinforcing effects of psychostimulant drugs (Mackey and van der Kooy, 1985; Spyraki et al, 1982; Yokel and Wise, 1978).
