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An example of this is seen in moths of the genus Spodoptera.
Modification of the frequency of r alleles in the southern regions owing to the immigration of moths from the cotton belt at the end of October was computed as follows: (9) where is the frequency of the rk allele in moths of the southern regions prior to immigration, the frequency modified by immigration, and the frequency of the rk allele in moths migrating from the cotton belt.
Modification of the frequency of r alleles in the cotton belt owing to the immigration of moths from southern regions at the beginning of June was computed as follows: (8) where is the frequency of the rk allele in moths of the cotton belt prior to immigration, the frequency modified by immigration, and the frequency of the rk allele in moths migrating from the southern regions.
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bmo-let-7b, bmo-let-7c, bmo-miR-9, bmo-miR-9*, bmo-miR-100-like, bmo-miR-263a, bmo-miR-31 and bmo-bantam were expressed in larva and pupa, but were not detected in moth; of these miRNAs, bmo-miR-9 and bmo-miR-9* are also complementary miRNAs.
Thus, the evolution of elaborated, and of even reduced features, is not exclusive to subterranean taxa, e.g., the loss of hearing in moths on islands without bats [ 4].
The frequency of the rk allele in moths parents of a generation was computed as follows: (11) where fref is the proportion of moths produced in refuges (eqn 7), and fr k1 and fr k2 the frequency of rk allele in moths emerging, respectively, from refuges and Bt cotton (eqn 10).
Kettlewell's verification of Tutt's hypothesis led to an upturn in research into industrial melanism in moths, much of which focused on the peppered moth.
In many moths of the superfamily Tineoidea, both wings have become extremely narrow, with much-reduced venation.
The pre-eminent model of complex adaptive patterns is leaf mimicry in moths, as most of their patterns are composed of multiple parts visually arranged to look like leaves.
Indeed, phylogenetic analysis shows the existence of at least four distinct groups of PBPs in moths, illustrating the diversity of this multigenic family.
We conclude that pheromone blend recognition in moths and recognition of binary mixtures in the general olfactory system of bees may not be directly comparable.
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