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In CEEC, organic farming started after they regained independence when the Soviet Union collapsed (Prazan et al. 2004).
In CEEC, new regulations were adopted in 2000 or 2001 in anticipation of their accession to the EU.
In CEEC, it seems that there is a lack of information for farmers about agri-environmental schemes (including organic area payments) and that measures for intensive agriculture have priority over agri-environment schemes (IUCN 2004) (Table 5).
Favoured sales channels in CEEC are typically direct sales and market places.
The development of the organic market in CEEC reflects the economic situation compared with the wealthier EU15.
The questionnaire identified consumer demand for organic products in CEEC as the second most important factor that hinders organic farming (see Table 2).
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On the other hand, some authors show that the problem of the "brain waste" seems to be rooted in the evolution of tertiary educational systems in CEECs that resulted in overprovision of graduates in e.g. marketing and management or pedagogics.
What institutions need to be developed to support the organic sector in the CEEC?
This paper explores the institutions that are lacking to promote the full development of organic farming in the CEEC, using Sweden as a baseline reference.
In doing so, we describe and compare the institutions and actors of the organic sector in four CEEC (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland) and one Western European country (Sweden) by using a comprehensive set of indicators.
Other forms of financial support, such as reimbursement of certification fees or guaranteed loans, are particularly relevant in the CEEC where most farmers survive on very low profit margins (indicators 15 17) (Prazan et al. 2004).
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