Improved road and rail links to a bigger Heathrow are expected to add at least £5bn to the £17.6bn bill and the question of whether the airport or government pays has been left open by the Airports Commission.
Improved road, river and rail links have made their once remote fields valuable to ranchers, mining companies and land speculators, who have been seeking to dislodge them and seize village lands for commercial development.
Mr. Putin proposes to address the problem with a wide range of subsidies and financial incentives, along with improved health care, a crackdown on illicit alcohol, improved road safety and the like.
Early turnpike tolls led to improved road conditions so that transport eventually became cheaper.
And during prohibition, liquour was smuggled from Canada over the improved road, first built to accommodate cars in 1922.
Because of improved road and rail networks, however, its significance as a commercial water route declined rapidly after 1930.
The research results include an improved road design process as a result of the application of the VR functions developed.
This category includes new technologies that can reduce carbon emissions for transport, such as renewable biofuels, improved road vehicles and hydrogen for road transport.
Heathrow has indicated that it expects the government to pay for improved road and rail links to the airport should its expansion plans go ahead.
"Car connectivity and the introduction of increasingly sophisticated driver-assist technologies and autonomous driving will lead to significantly improved road safety," they said.
Without the same technology, and robust regulation around it, driverless cars are unlikely to win public trust and fulfil the long-term promise of radically improved road safety.
