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High status, confident people use fewer "I" words, not more.
Barack Obama, a self-confident person, uses fewer "I" words than any other modern president.
Rudy Giuliani used few "I" words through his mayoralty, but used many more later, during the two weeks when his cancer was diagnosed and his marriage dissolved.
Nixon used few "I" words early in his presidency, but used many more after the Watergate scandal ravaged his self-confidence.
These were: (i) words encountered in a prior study phase (studied words), (ii) words presented at test for the first time (new words), and (iii) new words repeated after a lag of 7 9 intervening words (repeated test words).
In two sessions, participants made a finger press response to indicate the semantic relationship between (i) words; or (ii) pictures of objects; or judged the perceptual relationship between (iii) unfamiliar letters; or (iv) non-objects (Fig. 1).
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Time to tackle the "I" word.
The VLT-D consists of a delayed recall test of the VLT-I words.
Is it words?
Speakers displaying self-assurance have a lower frequency of I-words, even though most people would assume the opposite.
Even if the Beatles' use of I-words declined over the years, Harrison penned the ultimate ode to first-person singular pronouns as badges of egocentrism in "I Me Mine," the last song the Beatles recorded together.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com