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The mechanical response of each specimen to low velocity impact load is compartmentalized through two test cases: (i) specimen impacted on the ductile metal layer and (ii) specimen impacted on the brittle composite layer.
The specimens were sorted into 10 groups based on (i) specimen size, (ii) theoretical lateral FRP confining pressure, (iii) number of layers of FRP wrap, and (iv) inclusion and exclusion of internal steel reinforcement.
Load-displacement responses, failure modes and absorbed energies were analysed concerning the influence of the following parameters: (i) specimen geometry (single laminated flange, 1-cell and 3-cells); (ii) indenter type (size – 6/10 mm and shape – hemispherical/flat), and (iii) damage protection (surface coating and filling of the section cavities with polyurethane foam).
Type I specimen investigates fatigue failure behavior from the clad toe region of as-clad specimens.
The type I specimen dimensions used in the tensile testing are shown in Fig. 2.
This paper presents primarily the design of the specimen, experimental results, and simplified analytical modeling techniques for Phase I specimen.
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Three different test conditions were induced: (i) specimens without pre-existing cracks and sustained loading, (ii) specimens with pre-existing cracks but no sustained loading, and (iii) specimens with pre-existing cracks and sustained loading.
Specimen Days by Michael Cunningham 308pp, Fourth Estate, £14.99 Is Specimen Days a novel, or three novellas loosely threaded together?
Based on the test results, the RAC-I specimens (with 20 mm of maximum RCA size) had a greater bond strength than the RAC-II specimens (with 25 mm of maximum RCA size) under the same RCA replacement ratio.
In contrast, DD-I specimens had different amounts of collagen fibers that were located around the tubules with variable configuration, diameter, and intertubular distance.
Results from LM, SEM and TEM analyses in our study revealed that dentinal tubules in DD-I specimens were either greatly reduced in number or smaller in diameter than control specimens.
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