Vertebrate chemoreception is made possible by six distinct classes of multi-transmembrane receptors: (i) olfactory receptors (ORs) [ 5], (ii) trace amine-associated receptors [ 6], vomeronasal receptors (iii) type 1 and (iv) type 2 [ 7, 8] and taste receptors (v) type 1 and (vi) type 2 [ 9, 10].
Cranial nerve I: olfactory nerve, chapter 7. In: Goetz CG (ed) Textbook of Clinical Neurology (3rd edn).
We here hypothesize that in our experimental conditions the thalamus could have been driven and paced by its afferents (i.e. olfactory bulb and piriform cortex, whose activity is in turn paced by the NS).
It has been reported that odorant stimulation leads to an increase in [Ca2+] i in olfactory neurons and in other OR-expressing cells, depending on extracellular Ca2+ [ 54, 62, 63].
Mice carrying bicistronic tetO-V1rj2-IRES-tdTomato or tetO-V1rj3-IRES-tdTomato allele were mated to compound lines in which tTA expression is driven by the promoters of G protein γ-subunit 8 (Gγ8-tTA, Figure 3A, i) and olfactory marker protein (OMP-IRES-tTA or OIVT; Figure 3A, ii).
Less commonly, the inability to smell may be due to disease, such as damage to cranial nerve I (the olfactory nerve), cystic fibrosis causing nasal polyps, hypothyroidism, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Kallman syndrome.
Label was present in the frontal operculum, but this was essentially restricted to layer I of the olfactory tubercle and layer I of the prepiriform cortex.
However, few studies have been focused on selective damage, i.e. olfactory sensory neurons, basal cells, supporting and duct cells.
Among the various communication modalities, the chemical channel is one of the most extensively used, therefore chemosensory (i.e. olfactory and gustatory) pathways have been intensively studied in animals [9], [15].
Brains were removed quickly and dissected into five different regions, i.e., olfactory bulbs, cerebellum, hippocampus, subventricular zone and neocortex.
The biological datasets consisted of sub-families from the two largest gene families of vertebrates, i.e. olfactory receptors and zinc fingers.
