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Combined with recent work demonstrating the direct involvement of A12.2 in Pol I nucleotide incorporation, this study further supports the concept that A12.2 cannot be viewed solely as a cleavage factor.
The GTR + G + I nucleotide substitution model was used to infer the species tree based on the loci listed above and ToxB tree based on ToxB homologs.
Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic trees were inferred with Mega5 program [ 14] using the GTR + G + I nucleotide substitution model, which was selected with the hierarchical likelihood ratio test described by Swofford and Sullivan[ 15].
Earlier studies of MHC class I nucleotide sequences in mice have proposed that regions with high levels of CpG dinucleotides are involved in non-reciprocal recombination (gene conversion) [ 31].
Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of individual genes were conducted using MrBayes 3.1.2., with a GTR + G + I nucleotide substitution model in a partitioning scheme with three subsets, which corresponded to the three codon positions (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001).
It consists of i) nucleotide frequencies in intergenic DNA of all examined genomes, ii) amino acid frequencies of the corresponding proteomes, iii) environmental preferences of the organisms, and iv) the AAC residuals from SVM regression.
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The parameters used in the tree reconstructions were set to: (i) Nucleotides: GTR+I+G with 6 substitution rate parameters and gamma-distributed rate variation with a proportion of invariant sites; (ii) Amino acids: JTT+I+G.
The Markov chain of a nucleotide character under the GTR model is commonly mathematically modeled by a four-by-four substitution rate matrix Q, whose element q ij gives the instantaneous rate at which the nucleotide character changes from nucleotide i to nucleotide j, where j ≠ i, and i, j = T, C, A, or G (c.f. Equation 1 in [ 57]).
Each allowable substitution from triplet α to triplet β involves only one nucleotide substitution from nucleotide i to nucleotide j.
Initially, HVS-I (nucleotide positions [nps] 160001 16400) was sequenced, besides typing SNPs at 10398 and 10400.
In the case of the Gria2 (Glutamate receptor B) R/G editing site, which is one base upstream of a 5'-splice site, an A-to-I nucleotide change was demonstrated to influence the splicing rate [ 33].
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