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This pattern could be attributed to (i) location differences, with waterholes being located at low-lying areas; (ii) convergence of livestock grazed in different landscapes leading to a pool of different species; and (iii) differences in plant resistance to piospheric effects including trampling, soil compaction and grazing intensity.
Pentagram: intruder; x i : location of ith SN; a(x i ): intruder's signal at ith SN; n(x i ): sensing AWGN at ith SN.
After obtaining K chi, the base station is able to decrypt the message: E K ch i ( … ∥ < I D N i, Location N i, T S N i, H ( S N i ∥ I D N i ∥ I D ch i ∥ Location N i ∥ T S N i ) > ∥ … ).
For example, if individual(x) visited location(i), location(j) and location k), then, the P-DPA algorithm will predict the next destination that has the highest probability to be visited after those three destinations.
The indirect methods distinguish three scenarios where (i) location and other parameters of the Tx are known; (ii) either the Tx location or its parameters are known; (iii) both, Tx location and its parameters, are unknown.
This message is described as follows: I D ch i, I D BS, B, X ch i, E K ch i ( … ∥ < I D N i, Location N i, T S N i, H ( S N i ∥ I D N i ∥ I D ch i ∥ Location N i ∥ T S N i ) > ∥ … ), where B = ( R P ch i × H ( S BS ″ ∥ X ch i ) ) + K ch i.
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Fig. 7. (i) Locations of point 1 (P1) and point 2 (P2) on the fault.
The ith source-detector measurement (y i) is associated with source (r s(i)) and detector (r d(i)) locations.
According to [6], the one-step WLLS-I location estimate (called OS-WLLS-I) can be written as {widehat{mathbf{p}}}_{mathbf{OS}-mathbf{WLLS}-mathbf{I}}={left[{left[{widehat{boldsymbol{Lambda}}}_{mathrm{WLLS}}right]}_1;{left[{widehat{boldsymbol{Lambda}}}_{mathrm{WLLS}}right]}_2right]}^T (18).
The LLS-I location estimate of the agent is simply extracted from the first and second entries of ( {widehat{boldsymbol{Lambda}}}_{mathrm{LLS}} ), that is {widehat{mathbf{p}}}_{mathrm{LLS}-mathrm{I}}={left[{left[{widehat{boldsymbol{Lambda}}}_{mathrm{LLS}}right]}_1;{left[{widehat{boldsymbol{Lambda}}}_{mathrm{LLS}}right]}_2right]}^T (12).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com