An encoder will automatically insert I-frames at regular intervals or on demand, if new clients are expected to join in viewing a stream.
While the proposed method only inserts ten I-frames at the SCD locations (based on the SAD ratios) for all cases, Ding's method sometimes inserts extra I-frames (e.g., 11 I-frames for Mixed B video at QP = 40) besides SCD locations for their AGOP technique.
If NIP exceeds a pre-defined threshold between two frames, then insert an I-frame at that position assuming the occurrence of SCD; otherwise they restricted GOP size to either 8 or 32 based on the NIP and another threshold.
It is not necessary to encode and transmit the corresponding low bit-depth layer, which can be created by tone mapping of the reconstructed high bit-depth I-frame at the decoder.
Since the use of I-frames in compression is not as common as P-frames and B-frames, an alternative solution is to estimate the MVs of an I-frame at the decoder side by implementing block matching process between the decoded I-frame and the previously decoded frame.
Both algorithms insert I-frame at the beginning of a GOP GOPP size being 8 or 32 in Matsuoka's algorithm and 16, 32, 64, 128, or 256 in Ding's algorithm, all based on the AGOP) and at the SCD locations.
Even if there is a correctly received I frame at the 105th frame, the error is still propagated to the 120th frame because of large motion, two reference frames, and open GOP structure.
For this purpose, we made a new sequence of frames that will be called I sequence by selecting each 13th frame from the starting video sequence (we assumed that the I frame rate is set at every 13 frames).
V i, frame = ( ∑ M b, i + ∑ M b, i − 1 ) 2 ( h i − h i − 1 ) = ∑ M b, i h col (3)where, V i,frame is the frame shear at level i, M b,i is the beam moment at level i, and h col is the inter-storey height.
V i, brace V b = V i, total V b − V i, frame V b (1a) V i, wall V b = V i, total V b − V i, frame V b (1b where, V b is the total base shear, V i,brace is the bracing shear at level i,V i,wall is the wall shear at level i and V i,total is the total shear at level i, and V i,frame is the frame shear at level i.
If all pieces (packets) of the I-frame cannot arrive at the destination in time, then the particular frame will be dropped.
